MOTHER OF PEARL

MOTHER OF PEARL	Ancient gemstone
Major Sources	China, Japan, South Pacific
Colors Found	Various
Family	Organics
Hardness	2.5 to 4.5
Refractive Index	1.52–1.66
Specific Gravity	2.60–2.85
Crystal System	Organic gem
Enhancements	May be enhanced

While Queen Elizabeth I gave mother of pearl its name in the 15th century, the beauty of mother of pearl was used in the decoration of jewelry and ornaments 3,000 years before the birth of Christ. Also known as nacre (from the Arabic word for shell, naqqarah), the name reflects the fact that these shells are the “mother” from which pearls are created.

Mother of pearl is the smooth lining of iridescent luster found in some mollusk shells such as oyster, abalone, mussel and paua shells.

Legends and lore

In the 1920’s, a series of tombs were excavated to the east of Babylon in the Middle East. The tombs were of Sumerian royalty from ancient Mesopotamia and yielded a treasure of gold, silver and gemstones, and several beautiful wooden ornaments and musical instruments inlaid with mother of pearl (a testament to the wealth and sophistication of this ancient culture). The silver lyre of Ur, found in one of the graves in the royal cemetery, dates to between 2600 and 2400 BC. The lyre was entirely covered in sheet silver and inlaid with mother of pearl.

In Asia, centuries before the birth of Christ, the Chinese learned that beads or tiny figures of deities slipped between the soft mantle and the shell of a living mollusk soon became coated with mother of pearl. These beads and carvings were then taken to temples and offered to the gods in the hope that they would bestow good luck.

The Yaqui Indians of Mexico, immortalized in the shamanic tales of Carlos Castaneda, wear a necklace called the hopo’orosim. The necklace is made of mother of pearl and is believed to provide the wearer with protection from evil.

By the 15th century Europe’s growing demand for mother of pearl for use in gold and silver rings, necklaces and brooches had all but depleted the supplies of mother of pearl in the Persian Gulf.

In 1568 the Solomon Islands, known as “the Pearl of the Pacific,” were discovered by the Spanish explorer Alvaro de Mendana. On discovering the island’s rich bounty of gold and mother of pearl, he gave the archipelago its current name, believing that he had found the mythical source of King Solomon’s mines.

In Polynesian lore, the iridescence of mother of pearl is attributed to the spirits of coral and sand, Okana and Uaro, who as legend has it, adorned Tahitian oysters in glistening cloaks covered in all the colours of the fish of the sea.

Just the facts

High quality mother of pearl is produced by the members of mollusk family called bivalves (two part shells).

Mother of pearl’s nacre forms when an organic particle becomes trapped within the mollusk or if the mollusk is injured in some way.

Sensing the object or damage, the living organism within the mollusk secretes calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite, and the binding protein conchiolin. The layers of calcium carbonate settle and are interspersed by the conchiolin, which acts as a kind of organic glue binding the crystals together.

Mother of pearl is created by a living organism and thus environmental factors play a crucial role in its formation. As mother of pearl producing mollusks cannot regulate their body temperature, they are susceptible to changes in external conditions. Mother of pearl appears in a wide variety of colors and derives its colour from its genetic make-up and the water in which it grows.